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<article article-type="abstract" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CC</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Cardiol Croat</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Cardiologia Croatica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Cardiol. Croat.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1848-543X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1848-5448</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Croatian Cardiac Society</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">CC_14(3-4)_69</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15836/ccar2019.69</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Extended Abstract</subject></subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Multimodal imaging of persistent left superior vena cava &#x2013; case report</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9743-9201</contrib-id><name><surname>Raljevi&#x0107;</surname><given-names>Damir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stani&#x0107;</surname><given-names>Karlo</given-names></name><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/">https://orcid.org/</ext-link></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pehar Pej&#x010D;inovi&#x0107;</surname><given-names>Vesna</given-names></name><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/">https://orcid.org/</ext-link></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4473-5431</contrib-id><name><surname>Per&#x0161;i&#x0107;</surname><given-names>Viktor</given-names></name></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">Clinic for rehabilitation, treatment and prevention of diseases of the heart and blood vessels, Thalassotherapia Opatija, <country>Croatia</country></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE: Damir Raljevi&#x0107;, Thalassotherapia Opatija, M. Tita 188/1, HR-51410 Opatija, Croatia. / E-mail: <email xlink:href="damir.raljevic@gmail.com">damir.raljevic@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub"><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<fpage>69</fpage>
<lpage>69</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></date><date><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Croatian Cardiac Society</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><title>KEYWORDS: </title><kwd>left superior vena cava</kwd><kwd>imaging</kwd></kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>The persistent left superior vena cava is a rare vein anomaly and is encountered in 0.3-0.5% of the population, however, as these anomalies are usually asymptomatic, the prevalence is often underestimated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r1"><italic>1</italic></xref>). This anomaly is found in 12% of cases with other congenital heart disease. Several anatomical variants of this anomaly are described. In the largest number of cases (80-90%) there are developed both left and right superior vena cava that may differ in size (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r2"><italic>2</italic></xref>). In the event that both vena cava equally developed, in 65% of cases the development of the left innominate vein is absent and there is no communication between the two superior vena cava. Then the persistent left vena cava drains into the right atrium through the coronary sinus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3"><italic>3</italic></xref>). In 10-20% cases, the left superior vena cava drains into the left atrium. Also, in 10-20% cases, the right superior vena cava is not developed, and the single left superior vena cava is drained through the coronary sinus into the right atrium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3"><italic>3</italic></xref>). In the vast majority of cases this anomaly is asymptomatic and goes unnoticed. Clinical relevance is found in the case of the central venous access and the placement of central venous devices, in which case it may be difficult or impossible to set up a central venous device or provoke potentially dangerous right-left shunt and potential thromboembolic incidents. During this presentation we intend to report a case of multimodal imaging of persistent left superior vena cava.</p>
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<ref-list>
<title>LITERATURE</title>
<ref id="r1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Povoski</surname><given-names>SP</given-names></name><name><surname>Khabiri</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Persistent left superior vena cava: Review of the literature, clinical implications, and relevance of alterations in thoracic central venous anatomy as pertaining to the general principles of central venous access device placement and venography in cancer patients.</article-title> <source>World J Surg Oncol</source>. <year>2011</year> Dec 28;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>173</fpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1477-7819-9-173</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22204758</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="r2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book">Couvreur T, Ghaye B. In: Integrated Cardiothoracic Imaging with MDCT from Medical Radiology &#x00B7; Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology series. 1. R&#x00E9;my-Jardin M, R&#x00E9;my J, editor. Berlin &#x00B7; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2009. Left superior vena cava; pp. 289&#x2013;305.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="r3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goyal</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Punnam</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruberg</surname><given-names>FL</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Persistent left superior vena cava: a case report and review of literature.</article-title> <source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>. <year>2008</year> Oct 10;<volume>6</volume>:<fpage>50</fpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1476-7120-6-50</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18847480</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
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</article>
